1 P a g e CERTIFICATE This is to certify that of class XII has satisfactorily completed the project on “LOGIC GATES” under the guidance of during the session 2013-2014. 2 P a g e VALUED BY TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL 3 P a g e DATE: ACKNOWLEDGME NT I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped & supported me throughout my project. I’ m grateful to our school’s PHYSICS faculty I thank for her continuous support for the project, from initial advice & encouragement to this day. Special thanks of mine goes to my colleagues who helped me in completing the project by giving necessary information on the apparatus used in this experiment, made this project easy and accurate. 4 P a g e I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support & interest who inspired me & encouraged me to go my own way without which I would be unable to complete my project.
Free download final destination 4 full movie in hindi. At last but not the least I want to thanks my friends who appreciated me for my work & motivated me. CONTENT.Introduction. Experiment 1. Aim 10 5 P a g e 2. Apparatus 10 3.
Procedure 16 5. Circuits Prepared 22 6. Observations 24 7. Result 26 6 P a g e Bibliography 27 INTRODUCTION Logic Gates: A gate is a digital circuit that follows curtain logical relationship between the input and output voltages. Therefore, they are generally known as logic gates — gates because they control the flow of information. The five common logic gates used are NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR. Each logic gate is indicated by a symbol and its function is defined by a truth table that shows all the possible input logic level combinations with their respective output logic levels.
Truth tables help understand the behavior of logic gates. (i) NOT gate (Inverter) This is the most basic gate, with one input and one output.
Produces a ‘1’ output if the input is ‘0’ and vice-versa. That is, it produces an inverted version of the input at its output. A Y=A’ 0 1 7 P a g e 1 0 (ii) OR Gate An OR gate has two or more inputs with one output.
The output Y is 1 when either input A or input B or both are 1s, that is, if any of the input is high, the output is high. A B Y=A OR B(A+B) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 (iii) AND Gate An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output Y of AND gate is 1,only when input A and input B are both 1. It kind of looks for the minimum of the two signals. A B Y=A AND B(A.B) 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 P a g e 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Some Basic Logic Gates and Their Truth Tables Circuit diagrams AND GATE OR GATE NOT GATE Experiment AIM To design and simulate basic logic gates and to design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table. APPARATUS A project board Two N4007 diodes Two LED A 9v battery with a connector Two BPJ-BC547 transistors Two 100, three 560 resistors Connecting wires THEORY The three basic logic gates and their combinations are the building block of the digital circuit. OR gate A B A + B The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high.
A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 2. AND Gate A A.B B The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives high output only if all inputs are high CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 3. NOT Gate The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output. It is also known as an inverter. A A’ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 0 1 PROCEDURE Design of basic logic gates.
DESIGN OF AND GATE COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 resistors CONSTRUCTION: An AND gate can be realized by connecting the diodes as shown in the figure. A resistance of 100 is connected in series with the LED to prevent its malfunction. PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT: GROUND HIGH DESIGN OF OR GATE COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 resistors CONSTRUCTION: An OR gate can be realized by connecting the diodes as shown in the figure. Here also there is a need for a 100 resistor in series with LED PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT: DESIGN OF NOT GATE COMPONENTS: A transistor, two LEDs, three 560 resistors. CONSTRUCTION: not gate circuit can be realized by connecting an NPN transistor as shown in the figure. The base of the transistor is connected to the input through resistance of 560 and emitter is connected to the negative terminal.
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The collector is connected to the positive terminal and the output voltage at collector is with respect to negative. PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT: 1 2 3 Ground High line 1=2=3=600 Logic gate combination for given truth table 1. Write product term for each input (minterm), Combination where Boolean function has output 2. While writing minterms, complement the variable whose value is 0 otherwise write it in the direct form (without complement). Add all the minterms to obtain the Boolean function. Draw the circuit using basic LOGIC Gates. So we, choose the given Truth Table.
A B Y=A.B Y’ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 The Boolean Function F(x,y) is obtained as: F(x,y)= X’.Y’+X.Y’+X’Y = Y’+X’Y = (X’+Y’)(Y+Y’) = X’+Y’ = (XY)’ So, our expression reduces to that of a NAND Gate logic (Not of AND). LOGIC CIRCUIT IS: F=(x.y)’ x CIRCUIT DIAGRAM High line Ground Circuits Prepared:- AND gate OR gate NOT gate NAND gate OBSERVATION S 1. Stimulation of AND gate The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0. B) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0. C) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi ll glow, Hence Y=1. Stimulation of OR gate The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
B) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then LED will glow, hence Y=0. C) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi ll glow, Hence Y=1. Stimulation of NOT gate a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, hence Y=1. B) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
Stimulation of NAND gate a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then LED will glow, hence Y=1. B) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) LED will glow, hence Y=1. C) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) LED will glow, hence Y=1. D) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) LED will not glow, hence Y=0 Re sul t: Basic logic gates were designed and simulated and logic circuit was prepared for the given truth table BIBLIOGRAPHY:- Wikipedia Electronic devices and circuits by J B Gupta Conceptual physics by G C Agarwal Encarta.
12th class is a no risk class. It is the class which decide your future. Whether you are going to work in MNC or going to work with usual private firms, it all depends here. To ensure the good marks to students we always stands behind them with all practical and theoretical support on Physics investigatory project. Kanye west 808 and heartbreak zshare downloads.
These Physics investigatory projects are usually have to be made by all students with physics and to be shown in boards practical. We at Gurukul Technicals Institute provide every student the theory behind the projects and give all possible required material to make the project work successfully.
We duly provide equipped lab with latest lab materials. Conductors and Semiconductors are provided with Circuit diagram so that student can make project easily. Students make projects such as Full wave rectifier, Half wave rectifier, Fire alarm, rain alarm, Electromagnetic Induction, Logic gates(AND gate, OR gate, NOT gate, XAND gate, XNOR gate), Transistor as switch, Transistor as amplifier, Charging and Discharging of Capacitors, Series and Parallel Resistance etc etc. Students also get help on making these above given projects to made on cardboard or on breadboard as instructed by teacher. Students are also welcome to take help on report on given physics investigatory projects. After reading this website you can also send this information to your friend or relative studying in 12th class so it will make useful to him/her.
Physics Projects with Reports:.
1 P a g e CERTIFICATE This is to certify that of class XII has satisfactorily completed the project on “LOGIC GATES” under the guidance of during the session 2013-2014. 2 P a g e VALUED BY TEACHER EXTERNAL EXAMINER PRINCIPAL 3 P a g e DATE: ACKNOWLEDGME NT I'd like to express my greatest gratitude to the people who have helped & supported me throughout my project. I’ m grateful to our school’s PHYSICS faculty I thank for her continuous support for the project, from initial advice & encouragement to this day. Special thanks of mine goes to my colleagues who helped me in completing the project by giving necessary information on the apparatus used in this experiment, made this project easy and accurate. 4 P a g e I wish to thank my parents for their undivided support & interest who inspired me & encouraged me to go my own way without which I would be unable to complete my project. At last but not the least I want to thanks my friends who appreciated me for my work & motivated me. CONTENT.Introduction.
Experiment 1. Aim 10 5 P a g e 2. Apparatus 10 3. Procedure 16 5. Circuits Prepared 22 6. Observations 24 7.
Result 26 6 P a g e Bibliography 27 INTRODUCTION Logic Gates: A gate is a digital circuit that follows curtain logical relationship between the input and output voltages. Therefore, they are generally known as logic gates — gates because they control the flow of information. The five common logic gates used are NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR.
Each logic gate is indicated by a symbol and its function is defined by a truth table that shows all the possible input logic level combinations with their respective output logic levels. Truth tables help understand the behavior of logic gates.
(i) NOT gate (Inverter) This is the most basic gate, with one input and one output. Produces a ‘1’ output if the input is ‘0’ and vice-versa. That is, it produces an inverted version of the input at its output. A Y=A’ 0 1 7 P a g e 1 0 (ii) OR Gate An OR gate has two or more inputs with one output.
The output Y is 1 when either input A or input B or both are 1s, that is, if any of the input is high, the output is high. A B Y=A OR B(A+B) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 (iii) AND Gate An AND gate has two or more inputs and one output. The output Y of AND gate is 1,only when input A and input B are both 1. It kind of looks for the minimum of the two signals. A B Y=A AND B(A.B) 0 0 0 0 1 0 8 P a g e 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 Some Basic Logic Gates and Their Truth Tables Circuit diagrams AND GATE OR GATE NOT GATE Experiment AIM To design and simulate basic logic gates and to design an appropriate logic gate combination for a given truth table. APPARATUS A project board Two N4007 diodes Two LED A 9v battery with a connector Two BPJ-BC547 transistors Two 100, three 560 resistors Connecting wires THEORY The three basic logic gates and their combinations are the building block of the digital circuit.
OR gate A B A + B The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or more of its inputs are high. A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 2. AND Gate A A.B B The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives high output only if all inputs are high CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 3. NOT Gate The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the input at its output.
It is also known as an inverter. A A’ CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: 0 1 PROCEDURE Design of basic logic gates. DESIGN OF AND GATE COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 resistors CONSTRUCTION: An AND gate can be realized by connecting the diodes as shown in the figure. A resistance of 100 is connected in series with the LED to prevent its malfunction. PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT: GROUND HIGH DESIGN OF OR GATE COMPONENTS: Two p-n junction diode, A LED, A 100 resistors CONSTRUCTION: An OR gate can be realized by connecting the diodes as shown in the figure. Here also there is a need for a 100 resistor in series with LED PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT: DESIGN OF NOT GATE COMPONENTS: A transistor, two LEDs, three 560 resistors. CONSTRUCTION: not gate circuit can be realized by connecting an NPN transistor as shown in the figure.
The base of the transistor is connected to the input through resistance of 560 and emitter is connected to the negative terminal. The collector is connected to the positive terminal and the output voltage at collector is with respect to negative. PROJECT BOARD CIRCUIT: 1 2 3 Ground High line 1=2=3=600 Logic gate combination for given truth table 1. Write product term for each input (minterm), Combination where Boolean function has output 2. While writing minterms, complement the variable whose value is 0 otherwise write it in the direct form (without complement). Add all the minterms to obtain the Boolean function.
Draw the circuit using basic LOGIC Gates. So we, choose the given Truth Table. A B Y=A.B Y’ 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 The Boolean Function F(x,y) is obtained as: F(x,y)= X’.Y’+X.Y’+X’Y = Y’+X’Y = (X’+Y’)(Y+Y’) = X’+Y’ = (XY)’ So, our expression reduces to that of a NAND Gate logic (Not of AND).
LOGIC CIRCUIT IS: F=(x.y)’ x CIRCUIT DIAGRAM High line Ground Circuits Prepared:- AND gate OR gate NOT gate NAND gate OBSERVATION S 1. Stimulation of AND gate The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0.
B) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0. C) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi ll glow, Hence Y=1. Stimulation of OR gate The following conclusions can be easily drawn from the working of electrical circuit: a) If both switches are open (A=0, B=0) then LED will not glow, hence Y=0. B) If Switch one switch is open and the other is closed (A=1, B=0 or A=0, B=1) then LED will glow, hence Y=0. C) If switch A & B both closed (A=1, B=1) then LED wi ll glow, Hence Y=1.
Stimulation of NOT gate a) If switch A is open (i.e. A=0), the LED will glow, hence Y=1. B) If Switch A is closed (i.e. A=1), the LED will not glow, hence Y=0. Stimulation of NAND gate a) If Switch A & B open (A=0, B=0) then LED will glow, hence Y=1.
B) If Switch A open B closed then (A=0, B=1) LED will glow, hence Y=1. C) If switch A closed B open then (A=1, B=0) LED will glow, hence Y=1.
D) If switch A & B are closed then (A=1, B=1) LED will not glow, hence Y=0 Re sul t: Basic logic gates were designed and simulated and logic circuit was prepared for the given truth table BIBLIOGRAPHY:- Wikipedia Electronic devices and circuits by J B Gupta Conceptual physics by G C Agarwal Encarta.
Physics Investigatory Projects For Class 12 Cbse Free Download On Logic Gates
We have been given Chemistry and Physics projects to do and I want something different to do. There are a lot of projects to do in science but nothing that i feel is greatly 'investigatory'(especially in physics).
I might have a lot of topics in my mind but i don't really remember such stuff right now. If you people could just name the topics or the basic idea i can work on would be great. I care doing this not for the marks but because I enjoy SCIENCE. One more thing is that would be great if you could suggest topics from electric circuits for physics as i have a lot of resources and of course its my interest. I have done soldering and basic circuit since class 6th and I continue to do so.
I made my mind on a few topics like- 1. Cyclotron (Physics) 2. Amount of Caffeine in Different samples of Tea.( chemistry) -Updated -Let your ideas flow in! I need 'project' -Updated -Thank you MENTION=118867fz8975/MENTION,im going ahead with projects on logic gates.
Im planning to make working models(circuits) and simple computer(calculators sort of something). Ill be posting videos on youtube for other who need help. Thanks for the topic =) -Updated -MENTION=142062Flash/MENTION,its a great article but im in need of projects, like something to work on or research on. These things are out of my reach.
Something that can be easily sourced by the school or me would be a better option.
Physics investigatory project on logic gates for class 12 pdf download Boolean functions may be practically implemented by using electronic gates. The following points are important to understand. Electronic gates require a power supply.
Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.
The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of voltage only, e.g. 0V and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In general, there is only one output to a logic gate except in some special cases. There is always a time delay between an input being applied and the output responding.
A logic gate is an elementary building block of a digital circuit. Most logic gates have two inputs and one output. At any given moment, every terminal is in one of the two binary conditions low (0) or high (1), represented by different voltage levels. The logic state of a terminal can, and generally does, change often, as the circuit processes data. In most logic gates, the low state is approximately zero volts (0 V), while the high state is approximately five volts positive (+5 V). There are seven basic logic gates: AND, OR, XOR, NOT, NAND, NOR, and XNOR.
The AND gate is so named because, if 0 is called 'false' and 1 is called 'true,' the gate acts in the same way as the logical 'and' operator. The following illustration and table show the circuit symbol and logic combinations for an AND gate. (In the symbol, the input terminals are at left and the output terminal is at right.) The output is 'true' when both inputs are 'true.' Otherwise, the output is 'false.'
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